Week 10 - Objectives

Week 15: Objectives and Goals
Zoology 255L
Exercises 9, 10, 11 & 13

Exercise IX - Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilage (pages 81-89)

Objectives

To list five functions of the skeletal system
To identify the four main kinds of bones
To identify surface bone markings and functions
To identify the major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone
To identify the major regions and structures of an osteon in a histological speciemen of compact bone
To explain the role of the inorganic salts and organic matrix in providing flexibility and harndess to the bone
To locate and identify the three major types of skeletal cartilage

Introduction (page 81)

Term	Description/Definition
Axial Skeleton	-
Appendicular Skeleton	-

Figure 9.1 (page 82) - The Human skeleton

Bone Markings (pages 81)

Term	Description/Definition
Tuberosity	-



Epicondyle	-


Sinus	-

Fossa	-

Foramen	-

Table 9.1 (page 83) - Bone markings

Classification of Bones (page 83)

Term	Description/Definition
Compact Bone	-
Spongy Bone	-
Long Bone	-
Flat Bone	-
Irregular Bone	-
Sesamoid Bone	-

Activity 2 - Examining and classifying various bones (page 84) (notes)

Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone (page 84)

Term	Description/Definition
Epiphysis	-
Articular Cartilage	-
Epiphyseal Plate	-
Metaphysis	-
Diaphysis	-
Endosteum	-
Periosteum	-

Activity 2 - Examining a Long Bone (page 84) (notes)

Figure 9.2 (page 85) - The structure of a long bone (humerus of the arm)

Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone (Page 87)

Term	Description/Definition
Trabeculae	-
Central (Haversian) Canal	-
Osteocytes	-
Lacunae	-
Lamellae	-

Canaliculi	-

Activity 4 - Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone (page 87) (notes)

Figure 9.3 (page 86) - Microscopic structure of compact bone

Cartilages of the Skeleton (Page 87)

Term	Description/Definition
Articular Cartilage	-





Hyalin Cartilage	-
Elastic Cartilage	-
Fibrocartilage	-

Activity 5 - Observing the Microscopic Structure of Different Types of Cartilage (page 87) (notes)

Figure 9.4 (page 88) - Cartilages in the adult skeleton and body

Exercise X - The Axial Skeleton (pages 90-104)

Objectives

To identify the three bone groups composing the axial skeleton
To identify the bones composing the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or a skull and to name the important bone markings on each
To distinguish the different types of vertebrae
To discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures
To distinguish three abnormal spinal curvatures

The Skull (page 90)

The Cranium

Term	Description/Definition


Frontal	-
Parietal	-
Temporal	-
Zygomatic Process	-



Occipital	-
Foramen Magnum	-
Occipital Condyles	-
Sphenoid	-
Ethmoid	-

Facial Bones

Term	Description/Definition
Mandible	-
Mental Foramen	-
Maxillae	-


Zygomatic	-

Nasal	-

Hyoid Bone

Term	Description/Definition
Greater Horn	-
Body	-

Activity 1 - Identifying the Bones of the Skull (page 90) (notes)

Figure 10.1 (page 91) - External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull
Figure 10.2 (page 92) - Inferior superficial view of the skull, mandible removed
Figure 10.3 (page 92) - Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull
Figure 10.4 (page 93) - The sphenoid bone
Figure 10.5 (page 94) - The ethmoid bone
Figure 10.6 (page 95) - Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull
Figure 10.7 (page 96) - Detailed anatomy of some isolated facial bones
Figure 10.8 (page 96) - Hyoid bone

The Vertebral Column (pages 98)

Structure of a Typical Vertebrae

Term	Description/Definition
Body	-
Vertebral Arch	-

Transverse Process	-

Types of Vertebrae

Term	Description/Definition
Cervical Vertebrae	-
Atlas	-
Axis	-
Thoracic Vertebrae	-
Lumbar Vertebrae	-
The Saccrum	-
The Coccyx	-

Activity 3 - Examining Spinal Curvatures (page 99) (notes)

Activity 4 - Examining Vertebral Structure (page 101) (notes)

Figure 10.10 (page 98) - The vertebral column
Figure 10.11 (page 99) - Abnormal spinal curvatures
Figure 10.12 (page 99) - A typical vertebra, superior view
Figure 10.13 (page 100) - Cervical vertebrae C1 and C2
Figure 10.14 (page 101) - Sacrum and coccyx
Table 10.1 (page 102) - Regional characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

The Bony Thorax (page 103)

The Sternum

Term	Description/Definition
Sternum	-

Xiphoid Process	-

The Ribs

Term	Description/Definition
Vertebrosternal Ribs	-
False Ribs	-
Floating Ribs	-

Activity 5 - Examining the relationship between ribs and vertebrae (page 104) (notes)

Figure 10.15 (page 103) - The bony thorax
Figure 10.16 (page 104) - Structure of a "typical" true rib and its articulations

Exercise XI - The Appendicular Skeleton (pages 105-118)

Introduction (page 105)

Activity 1 - Examining and Identifying Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (page 105) (notes)

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity (page 105)

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Term	Description/Definition
Clavicle	-

Scapula	-
Coracoid Process	-

The Arm

Term	Description/Definition
Humerus	-


Trochlea	-

The Forearm

Term	Description/Definition
Radius	-
Ulnar Notch	-

Ulna	-
Olecranon Process	-

The Hand

Term	Description/Definition
Carpals	-
Metacarpals	-
Phalanges	-

Figure 11.1 (page 106) - Articulated bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Figure 11.2 (page 107) - Individual bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Figure 11.3 (page 108) - Bone of the right arm
Figure 11.4 (page 109) - Bones of the right forearm
Figure 11.5 (page 110) - Bones of the right hand

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb (page 111)

The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Term	Description/Definition
Ilium	-
Iliac Crest	-

Ischium	-
Pubis	-

The Thigh

Term	Description/Definition
Femur	-

Greater & Lesser Trochanters	-
Lateral & Medial Epicondyle	-

Patella	-

The Leg

Term	Description/Definition
Tibia	-



Fibula	-
Lateral Malleolus	-

The Foot

Term	Description/Definition
Tarsals	-
Metatarsals	-
Phalanges	-

Activity 3 - Observing Pelvic Articulations (page 112) (notes)

Activity 4 - Comparing male and female pelves (page 113) (notes)

Figure 11.6 (page 111-112) - Bones of the pelvic girdle
Table 11.1 (page 113) - Comparison of the Male and Female pelves
Figure 11.7 (page 114) - Bones of the right thigh and knee
Figure 11.8 (page 115) - Bones of the right leg
Figure 11.9 (page 116) - Bones of the right foot

Exercise XIII - Articulations and Body Movements (pages 119-130)

Objectives

To name and describe the three funcional categories of joints
To name and describe the three structural categores of joints, and to compare their structure and mobility
To identify the types of synovial joints
To demonstrate and identify the various body movements

Introduction (page 119)

Term	Description/Definition
Fibrous Joint	-
Cartilaginous Joint	-
Synovial Joint	-

Figure 13.1 (page 120) - Types of Joints
Table 13.1 (page 122-123) - Structural and Functional Charateristics of Body Joints

Fibrous Joints (page 119)

Term	Description/Definition
Sutures	-

Activity 1 - Identifying Fibrous Joints (page 121) (notes)

Cartilaginous Joints (page 121)

Term	Description/Definition
Symphyses	-
Synchondroses	-

Activity 2 - Identifying Cartilaginous Joints (page 121) (notes)

Figure 13.2 (page 121) - X-ray of the hand of a child

Synovial Joints (page 121)

Term	Description/Definition
Synovial Membrane	-
Fibrous Capsule	-
Articular Cartilage	-
Joint Cavity (w/synovial fluid)	-

Activity 3 - Examining Synovial Joint Structure (page 123) (notes)

Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

Term	Description/Definition
Origin	-
Insertion	-
Flexion	-
Extension	-
Abduction	-
Adduction	-
Rotation	-

Activity 7 - Examining Selected Synovial Joints (page 128) (notes)

Figure 13.5 (page 126) - Muscle attachments (origin and insertion)
Figure 13.6 (page 126-127) - Movements occurring at synovial joints of the body
Figure 13.7 (page 129) - Knee joint relationships
Figure 13.8 (page 130) - Hip joint relationships