Language and Nationalism
-
Map of
Nigerian Language Groups
-
Map
of Indian Language Groups
Nationalism and State-Building in
-
revolts
against Spanish rule 1809-1825
o
map of colonial Latin America
o
map of post-independence Latin
America
-
19th
Century state-building and nation-building
o
most
national identities rooted in civic conception of republican institutions along
with ethnic conception of criollo/creole rule
o
Portalian
-
20th
century sees greater democratization outside of post-colonial elites to mestizo identity
o
still
excludes indigenous ethnicities in their own right
o
privileged
criollo identity
-
resurgence
of indigenous American (Indian) identities in 1980s- present
o
indigenous
activism: Zapatista (Mayan) uprising in Chiapas, Mexico, 1994; Hugo Chavez
elected in Venezuela, 1998; Alejandro Toledo
elected in Peru, 2001; Ollanta Humala gains plurality in 1st round but loses in
2nd round in 2006; Evo Morales (Aymara Indian) elected in Bolivia, 2005;
o
Decline
of established party system in Andean states ( Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador,
Peru. Venezuela)
§
Electoral
volatility since 1978 ranging from 22.1% in Columbia to 51.9% in Peru
§
Rise
in electoral participation from less than 15% in
o
Poor
state capacity
