External Challenges to
State-Building
-
legacies
of colonial political rule
o
extent
of state-building
§
direct
rule (e.g.
o
indigenous
v. foreign staffing
o
replication
of European institutions
§
-
integration
into global economy
o
subservience
to the metropolitan economy (metropole v. colony)
o
dependence
on post-colonial trade and finance
o
timing
of industrial development
§
import-substitution
v. export-led growth
-
Why
not military threats?
o
War
helps build the state
o
Crisis
reinforces state authority
o
International
alliances
Internal Challenges to
State-Building
-
rival
authorities: e.g., church/mosque, tribal/clan, patronage networks, political
parties
-
economic
structure
o
lack
of non-agrarian capital
o
concentration
of wealth
§
plantations
v. small-plot farming
§
firms
v. artisans & craftsmen
o
insufficient
domestic capital
§
state-led
development
-
building
“capacity” of the state
o
staffing
the bureaucracies
§
education
levels of staff
§
loyalties
of staff
§
ethnic/religious
composition
o
acquiring
‘statistics’
§
surveillance
of society
§
urban
v. rural divide
§
re-ordering
of society along bureaucratic-rationalist lines
o
resisting
or co-opting rival institutions
§
party
bureaucracies (e.g., China’s
party-state apparatus)
§
tribal
or religious courts
o
providing
public goods
§
e.g.,
law enforcement, infrastructure, health & safety regulation
§
disrupts
patronage networks
§
requires
resources
-
funding
the state
o
source
of revenue
§
tariffs
v. excise taxes v. income taxes
§
royalties
on exports
o
political
effects of taxation
§
rebellion
§
‘everyday
resistance’ (J. Scott)
§
voice
and demands
-
‘routinization’ v. contestation
o
politics
as administrative routine v. public contest