Page

Preface..................................................................  ii

Reviewers and Affiliations...............................................  iv

Introduction
   Physics, Chemistry, and Ecology of Frozen Soils in Managed
      Ecosystems: An Introduction.  B.S. Sharratt, J.K. Radke,
      L.D. Hinzman, I.K. Iskandar, and P.H. Groenevelt...................   1


Paper Sessions:

                                 I. PHYSICS

   KEYNOTE ADDRESS:  The Seasonally Frozen Layer: Geotechnical
      Significance and Needed Research.  P.J. Williams...................   9


Water and Ice

   Freezing and Thawing Effects on Soil Water and Solute Movement
      in Repacked Soil Columns.  J.K. Radke and E.C Berry................  17

   Water Infiltration and Movement in Seasonally Frozen Soils.
      M. Stahli, P.-E. Jansson, L.-C. Lundin and H. Fluhler..............  24

   Mechanics of Meltwater Movement Above and Within Frozen Soil.
      J.M. Baker and E.J.A. Spaans.......................................  31

   Some Details of the Ice Lens Formation Mechanism at the Bottom
      of a Seasonally Freezing Layer in a Permafrost Zone.
      S.E. Grechishchev and O.V. Grechishcheva...........................  37

   Elevation and Latitude Impacts on Soil Temperature and Duration
      and Distribution of Frost and Snowfall in Colorado.  J.G. Davis....  42

   Investigation of Water-Rock Interactions in the Apsat River Basin.
      D.D. Baldanova, D.B. Radnayeva, and S.V. Borzenko..................  49


Water and Heat

   Heat and Water Regimes of Soil for  the Winter-Spring Period:
      Experiment and Modeling.  Ye.M. Gusev..............................  55

   Erosion and Crop Response to Contour-Ripped Planted-Wheat in
      Seasonally Frozen Soil of the Pacific Northwest.
      J.D. Williams, D.E. Wilkins, and W.F. Schillinger..................  62

   Model COLD: Validation and Application for Modelling Annual
      Dynamics of Soil Water.  Ye.M. Gusev and O.N. Nasonova.............  66

   Model for the Dynamics of Characteristics of Spatial Variability
      of Soil Freezing Depth.  Ye.M. Gusev and O.Ye. Busarova............  73

   Influence of Water and Heat Dynamics on Solifluction Movements in
      a Periglacial Environment in the Eastern Alps (Austria).
      Ph. Jaesche, H. Veit, H. Stingl, and B. Huwe.......................  80

   Crystallization Heat of Soil Water.  E.G. Starostin and A.M. Timofeev.  87

   Optimization of Soil Mineralogical Composition for Predicting Soil
      Thermal Conductivity.
      V.R. Tarnawski, B. Wagner, J. Webber, and L. Pettipas..............  91

   Modeling the Magnitude and Time Dependence of Nonconductive
      Heat-Transfer Effects in Taiga and Tundra Soils.
      S.I. Outcalt, K.M. Hinkel, L.L. Miller, and F.E. Nelson............  98

   Soil Temperature and Seasonal Thaw: Controls and Interactions in
      Floodplain Stands Along the Tanana River, Interior Alaska.
      P.C. Adams and L.A. Viereck........................................ 105


Water and Solutes

   Frozen Soil Effects on Depression Focused Water and Solute
      Movement.  N.E. Derby and R.E. Knighton............................ 113

   Land-Slide Induced Changes in the Chemical Composion of Active-
      Layer Soils and Surface-Water Runoff, Yamal Peninsula, Russia
      M.O. Leibman and I.D. Streletskaya................................. 120

   Solute Movement in the Active Layer, Taymyr, Siberia.
      J. Boike, W.K.P. van Loon, P.P. Overduin, and H.W. Hubberten....... 127

   The Effect of Pore Solution Concentration and Composition Upon the
      Electric and Elastic Properties of Frozen Saline Soils.
      O.P. Chervinskaya, Y.D. Zykov, and A.D. Frolov..................... 133

   Modeling Equations for Two-Dimensional Coupled Heat, Fluid and
      Solute Transport in Variably-Saturated, Variably-Frozen Soils.
      J.L. Nieber, M.J. Friedel, and B.S. Sharratt....................... 140

   Movement of Water and Ions in Frozen Clay by Electroosmosis
      M. Mizoguchi, T. Ito, and K. Matsukawa............................. 147

   Soil Electrical Properties Modified by Freezing.
      G.C. McIntosh and B.S. Sharratt.................................... 153


Tillage, Management and Erosion

   Tillage Induced Air Permeability Modified by Soil Freezing.
      B.S. Sharratt and D. Huggins....................................... 161

   Aggregate Stability Response to Freeze-Thaw Cycles.  G.A. Lehrsch..... 165

   Overwinter Changes in Aggregate Size Distribution of a Loam in
      West Central Minnesota.  M. Lindstrom and B.S. Sharratt............ 172

   The Effect of Freezing Cycles on Water Stability of Soil
      Aggregates.  D.F. Dagesse, P.H. Groenevelt and B.D. Kay............ 177

   Amelioration of Soil Compaction by Freezing and Thawing.
      B.S. Sharratt, W.B. Voorhees, and G. McIntosh...................... 182

   Freeze-Thaw Effects on the Hydrologic Characteristics of Rutted
      and Compacted Soils.  L.W. Gatto................................... 189

   Spatial Variability of Frost Depth in a Depressional Catchment.
      E.S. Brooks, J.L. Nieber, and B.N. Wilson.......................... 199

   Crop and Soil Management to Increase Water Infiltration.
      J.L. Pikul, Jr. and J.K. Aase...................................... 206

   Freezing and Colloid Aggregation.  R.R. Blank......................... 212

   Impact of Freezing and Thawing on the Stability of Casts
      Produced by Earthworms.
      E.C. Berry, A.A. Swalla, D. Jordan, and J.K. Radke................. 218

   Spatial Variability of Frozen Soil Runoff at Different Scales.
      M.S. Seyfried, G.N. Flerchinger, and M.D. Murdock.................. 224

   Erosion Impacts of the Soil-Thawing Process.  J. Froese and R. Cruse.. 231

   Surface Cover Effects on Soil Loss from Temporally Frozen
      Cropland in the Pacific Northwest.
      D.K. McCool, K.E. Saxton and J.D. Williams......................... 235

   Cool-Period Soil Erosion Due to Rilling in Prince Edward Island,
      Canada.  G. Richter, L. Edwards, R.-G. Schmidt, B. Bernsdorf,
      and J. Burney...................................................... 242


Heave and Groundwater

   Differential Frost Heave in Seasonally Frozen Soils.
      A.C. Fowler and C.G. Noon.......................................... 247

   Thirty-Five Years of Measuring Frost Depths in Wisconsin Soils.
      A.E. Peterson...................................................... 253

   Soil Moisture Dynamics in Areas of Discontinuous Permafrost.
      L.D. Hinzman, E.K. Lilly, D.L. Kane, and R.A. Johnson.............. 261

   Borehole Electrometry for Monitoring the Active Layer Dynamics.
      S.A. Boikov, A.M. Snegirev, and A.D. Frolov........................ 268


Snow

   Some Features of Mechanical Property Changes During Snow
      Densification.  A.D. Frolov and V.N. Golubev....................... 275

   Ablation of Shallow Seasonal Snowcovers.  K. Shook and D.M. Gray...... 280

   Estimating Snowmelt Infiltration Into Medium and Fine-Textured
      Frozen Soils.  L. Zhao and D.M. Gray............................... 287



                                II. CHEMISTRY

Carbon

   Effect of Fire on Temperature, Moisture, and CO2 Emissions from
      Soils Near Tok, Alaska: An Initial Assessment.
      K.P. O'Neill, E.S. Kasischke, D.D. Richter, and V. Krasovic........ 295

   Early Winter CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Alpine Grassland Soils
      at Qingshuihe, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
      Jin Huijun, Cheng Guodong, and Lin Qing............................ 304

   Additional Methane Emission from Thawing Cryosols: Yamal
      Peninsula, Russia.  F.M. Rivkin.................................... 308


Nitrogen

   Soil and Plant N Dynamics of Annual Barley in Interior Alaska.
      V.L. Cochran....................................................... 315

   Effects of Past Fertilizer Treatments on the Fate of Newly Added
      Fertilizer Nitrogen Applied to Cereal Crops in Siberia.
      P.A. Barsukov...................................................... 320

   The Effect of Freezing on Soil Moisture and Nutrient Distribution
      at Levinson-Lessing Lake, Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia.
      P.P. Overduin and K.L. Young....................................... 327

   Effects of Freezing and Thawing on N2O Production in Soil Under
      Different Agricultural Practices.
      D. Prevost, E. van Bochove, and F. Pelletier....................... 334

   The Effect of Permafrost on Dissolved Organic Carbon Exports
      from Two Subarctic Streams.
      R. MacLean, J.G. Irons III, M.W. Oswood, and W.H. McDowell......... 338


Phosphorus

   The Influence of Fertilization on Phosphorus Status of Seasonally
      Frozen Arable Siberian Soils.  R.P. Makarikova and P.A. Barsukov... 345


Physical Chemistry

   Physical Chemistry of Geochemical Solutions at Subzero
      Temperatures.  G.M. Marion and S.A. Grant.......................... 349

   Physiochemical Factors Affecting Soil Acidity in Seasonally
      Frozen Soils.  N.F. Bondarenko, Yu.V. Gurikov, and E.M. Savelieva.. 357

   Ground Freezing for Containment of Hazardous Waste: Engineering
      Aspects.  I.K. Iskandar and F.H. Sayles............................ 361

   The Effects of Freezing and Organic Matter Transformation
      on Soil Physical Status.  E.V. Balashov............................ 370


Organic Matter

   Characterization of the Organic Matter in Subarctic and Arctic
      Tundra Soils in North Siberia.  A. Gundelwein and E.-M. Pfeiffer... 375

   Humus Formation in Forest Frozen Soils in the Barkal Region
      B.M. Klenov........................................................ 380

   Exchangeable Cations and Composition of Organic Matter in Soils
      as Affected by Acidification and Freezing.
      T. Polubesova and L. Shirshova..................................... 384

   Optimization of Crop Nutrition on Podzolic Soils of the
      European Northeast.  G.Ya. Elkina.................................. 391

   Nitrogen Cycle in the Targa Zone of the Republic of Komi
      V.A. Beznosikov.................................................... 396


Contaminants

   The Use of Frozen-Ground Barriers for Containment and In-Situ
      Remediation of Heavy-Metal Contaminated Soil.
      G.E. Boitnott, I.K. Iskandar, and S.A. Grant....................... 403

   Peatlands in the Discontinuous Permafrost Zone Along the
      Norman Wells Pipeline, Canada.  M.M. Burgess and C. Tarnocai....... 409

   Peculiarities of Distribution of Technogenic Hydrocarbons
      Through the Vertical Profile of Peat and Tundra Gley Soils
      of Forest-Tundra Landscapes in Western Siberia, Polluted
      as a Result of Oil-Gas Condensate Extraction.  A.P. Sadov.......... 417

   Predicting Diauxy During Bioremediation in Organic Soil.
      D.M. White and H. Luong............................................ 425

   Investigation of an Abandoned Diesel Storage Cavity in
      Permafrost.  E.J.A. Spaans, J.M. Baker, I.K. Iskandar,
      B. Koenen, and C. Pidgeon.......................................... 436

   Soil Organic Matter of Spodic Horizons in Soils of Coastal
      Continental Antarctica and Germany.
      L. Beyer,  H. Knicker, H.-P. Blume, M. Bolter, and D. Schneider.... 443

   Distribution of Oil and Oil Products in Soils of Tundra
      Landscapes Within the European Territory of Russia (ETR).
      N.P. Solntseva and O.A. Guseva..................................... 449


                               III. ECOLOGY

Pedology

   Some Properties of Seasonally Frozen Soils In Northeastern
      Europe.  G.V. Rusanova............................................. 455

   Humus Composition and Transformation in a Pergelic Terric
      Cryohemist of Coastal Continental Antarctica.
      L. Beyer, H.-P. Blume, C. Sorg, H.-R. Schulten, and H. Erlenkeuser. 459

   Temperature Regime of Gley-Podzolic Soils of the European
      Northeast (Komi Republic).  I.V. Zaboeva........................... 465


Ecosystems

   The Ecology of Long-Term Seasonally Frozen Soils of the
      Taiga in Siberia.  V.N. Gorbachev and R.M. Babintseva.............. 469

   Impacts of Tracked Vehicles on Properties of Tundra Soils
      N.P. Buchkina...................................................... 473

   Nature Restoration Strategy in the Far North.  I.B. Archegova......... 477


Biology

   Bacterial Biomass and Properties of Arctic Desert Soils
      (Archipelago Severnaya Zemlya, Northern Siberia).
      M. Bolter and E.-M. Pfeiffer....................................... 481

   Effects of Soil Freezing and Thawing on the Bacterial
      Population in the Wheat Rhizosphere.  T. Hashimoto and T. Nitta.... 488

   Overwintering of Insect Pathogens.  L.C. Lewis........................ 493

   Impact of Freezing and Thawing of Soils on Microbiology and
      Pesticide Degradation Potential.  J. Schulze-Aurich and M. Lehmann. 499

   Snowmelt Saturation Restricts Scots Pine Growth on Fine-
      Grained Tills in Lapland.  R. Sutinen, P. Hanninen,
      K. Makitalo, S. Penttinen and M.-L. Sutinen........................ 507

   Seasonal Changes in Soil Temperature and in the Frost
      Hardiness of Scots Pine Roots Under Subarctic Conditions.
      M.-L. Sutinen, A. Ritar, T. Holappa, and K. Kujala................. 513



                       IV. MODELING AND REMOTE SENSING

Modeling

   Thermal Properties of Seasonally Frozen Soils, and Modeling
      Soil Freezing or Thawing.  D. Kurtener and P. Romanov.............. 519

   Extreme-Value Statistics for Maximum Soil Frost Penetration
      in the Northeastern U.S. Using Air Temperature and Snow
      Cover Data.  A.T. DeGaetano, D.S. Wilks, and M. McKay.............. 525

   A Comparison of Three Models for Predicting Frost in Soils
      I. Kennedy and B.S. Sharratt....................................... 531

   Modeling Soil Freezing and Thawing, and Frozen Soil Runoff
      With the SHAW Model.  G.N. Flerchinger and M.S. Seyfried........... 537


Remote Sensing

   Passive Microwave Detection and Modeling of Frozen Soils
      in Tundra and Grassland Areas.
      E.J. Kim, Y.-A. Liou, and A.W. England............................. 545

   Monitoring the Effects of Fire on Soil Temperature and Moisture
      in Boreal Forest Ecosystems Using Satellite Imagery.  N.H.F.
      French, E.S. Kasischke, J.L. Michalek, and L.L. Bourgeau-Chavez.... 551

   Freeze-Thaw Apparatus and Testing of Time Domain Reflectometry
      (TDR) and Radio Frequency (RF) Sensors.
      M.A. Kestler, D. Bull, B. Wright, G. Hanek, and M. Truebe.......... 558

   Examining the Use of Time Domain Reflectometry in Frozen Soil.
      E.J.A. Spaans, J.M. Baker.......................................... 565


Summary and Discussion

   Physics, Chemistry, and Ecology of Seasonally Frozen Soils:
      A Wrap-up Discussion.  J.K. Radke, B.S. Sharratt, L.H.
      Hinzman, P.H. Groenevelt, and I.K. Iskandar........................ 571