Antibiotics Used as Animal Feed Additives

Organizations and Committees

WHO: World Health Organization

• Use of antimicrobials outside of human medicine and resultant antimicrobial resistance in humans

• Gaps in Research on Antibiotic Resistance / Fluoroquinolones

• Executive Board Calls for Work Against Antimicrobial Resistance to be Stepped Up

FDA Home Page

• Antibiotic Resistance - a general discussion with links to many sites
• Testimony of Dr. Michael Friedman (May 10, 1996) - Detailed discussion of FDA operations
• FDA Funding Problems - 1998   2002   2004   2007  2008
• Wall Street Journal Articles - 1999   2008
• Poor Oversight of Drug Production in China, March 2, 2008

• Latest in Microbial Resistance Information

• Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Outside the Health-Care Setting: Prevalence, Sources, and Public Health Implications

• National Center for Infectious Diseases

• DBMD Home Page

• National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System - Enteric Bacteria

• Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents: Selected Problems in France, 1996 to 1998

National Research Council
      - Summary of a book "The Uses of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks."

Union of Concerned Scientists

• Misuse of Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture

Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) Home Page

• Protecting the Crown Jewels of Medicine - A strategic plan to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics. Report written by Patricia Lieberman and Margo Wooten, May 28, 1998.

• Antibiotic Resistance and Animal Agriculture

Animal Health Institute

• The Antibiotics Debate - Benefits of using antibiotics in food animals

Food Safety - The EU Integrated Approach

General Discussions of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

• Recent reports on antibiotic-resistant bacteria

• The Problem of Antibiotic Resistance - NIH Report, April 2004

• House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report

• A strategic plan to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics

• Miracle Drugs vs. Superbugs, by Tamar Nordenberg

• Infections Fighting back, Newshour Transcript -- January 8, 1998

• The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections, an article by Ricky Lewis, Ph.D., geneticist and textbook author

Farm Use of Antibiotics

• Lecture by Robert Lawrence - Reported by Heidi Marttila-Losure, Ames Tribune, Oct. 23, 2007

• Water, antibiotics and Animal Farm - A U.S. ban on sub-therapeutic antibiotic use in livestock production is long overdue.

• Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Food Animals, Peter Hughes and John Heritage, June 24, 2002

• CSPI News Release: FDA Should Ban the Use of Certain Antibiotics to Fatten Farm Animals, Groups Ask.

• Letter to Dr Henney of the FDA, signed by health authorities and organizations, asking that subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in agriculture be curtailed

• Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
  Dr. George G. Khachatourians, Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. has written this paper for the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association, Nov. 3, 1998. It is a well-documented presentation of the connection between overuse of antibiotics, in both human medicine and agriculture, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. He states that the recommended levels of antibiotics for feeds were just 5-10 ppm in the 1950s but have been increased by 10- to 20-fold since then. This shows directly that bacteria have developed resistance to the antibiotics used in animal feed. (The statement about the increased level may be true for tetracycline, but it is almost certainly does not apply to all antibiotics).

• BBC News | Antibiotics | Farmers warned of antibiotic threat - A report by the BBC on antibiotic resistance, Sept. 1999.

• Danish report on antibiotic resistant bacteria

Specific Antibiotics and Bacteria

• MRSA Watch. United Kingdom

• Superbug putting schools to the test - article in the Chicago Tribune, Oct. 23, 2007

• Mayo Clinic information on MRSA

Cefquinome

• FDA may approve drug despite warnings from its own staff.

• Union of Concerned Scientists urges rejection of cefquinome as an animal antibiotic.

• Michael Feldgarden discusses FDA's misuse of Guidance #152 in deciding whether to approve cefquinome.

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